Not all of the input/output pins are used in most applications. Unused pins must never be left unconnected in their default state as inputs. This follows a general rule that inputs to CMOS must never be left unconnected or “floating.” A surprising number of problems can be caused by floating inputs. The most trivial is that the input circuit draws an excessive current from the power supply. This is because the input is likely to float to the midpoint of VSS and VCC, turning on both MOSFETs and leading to the situation shown in Figure 7.2(c). The shoot- through current may exceed 40_A, a huge waste by the standards of the MSP430.
Old CMOS circuits, such as the 74HC family, are amazingly sensitive to floating inputs. They may oscillate or refuse to work at all if an input is floating, even if the input belongs to an unused gate or flip-flop. I have seen this happen many times when students have not taken heed of the rule about floating inputs. Missing decoupling (bypass) capacitors can cause similar problems. Floating inputs are also susceptible to noise and to static electricity if the product is handled, which may lead to permanent damage.
There are three ways of avoiding these problems:
- Wire the unused pins externally to a well-defined voltage, either VSS or VCC, and configure them as inputs. The danger with this is that you might damage the MCU if the pins are accidentally configured as outputs.
- Leave the pins unconnected externally but connect them internally to either VSS or VCC by using the pull-down or pull-up resistors. They are again configured as inputs. I prefer this approach but it is restricted to the MSP430F2xx family because the others lack internal pull resistors.
- Leave the pins unconnected and configure them as outputs. The value in the output register does not matter. This is perhaps the most robust solution and is recommended for MSP430 devices that lack internal pull resistors. I am less keen on this approach for experimental systems because it is easy to short-circuit pins with a test probe.
There is a helpful list of recommended connections for unused pins at the end of th chapter on System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes in the family user’s guides.
Digital Inputs:
Digital inputs to the MSP430 are typically connected to digital outputs from other circuits or to components such as switches.We already used the digital inputs many times for straightforward connections to a push button using the standard circuit shown in Figure 4.4. The programs in Chapter 4 used polling but this is wasteful for inputs that change on a human timescale—very slowly by electronic standards. Interrupts may be more efficient. A different approach is also needed when a large number of inputs must be read.
Interrupts on Digital Inputs:
Ports P1 and P2 can request an interrupt when the value on an input changes. This is one of the few interrupts that remains active in LPM4 and is therefore useful to wake the CPU in portable equipment that lies idle for a long time. Interrupts for port P1 are controlled by the registers P1IE and P1IES, mentioned previously, and similarly for port P2. There is a single vector for each port, so the user must check P1IFG to determine the bit that caused the interrupt. This bit must be cleared explicitly; it does not happen automatically as with interrupts that have a single source.
The direction of the transition that causes the interrupt can be changed in P1IES at anynanye by the program. This is useful if both edges of a pulse need to be detected, for example, when a button is pressed and released. There is a danger that spurious interrupts may be generated, so it is a good idea to disable this interrupt, change P1IES, and clear any spurious flags in P1IFG before reenabling the interrupt. In fact, to practice this should not be a problem if the direction is changed in the most obvious way. For instance, the port may wait for a low-to- high transition while the input is low. An interrupt is requested when the input goes high. The sensitivity is then changed to high-to-low to detect the next edge.
The use of interrupts is illustrated in Listing 7.1, which is perhaps the ultimate development of the programs to light an LED when a button is pressed. The device spends most of its time in LPM4, waiting for an interrupt on pin P2.1. Both the LED and the direction of the transition for an interrupt are toggled in the ISR. Any pending requests for an interrupt are cleared by a loop before returning to LPM4. I included this code as an example of how to avoid spurious interrupts. Unfortunately it is not a particularly good idea here because it loses the second edge of short pulses.
Multiplexed Inputs: Scanning a Matrix Keypad:
Many products require numerical input and provide a keypad for the user. These often have 12 keys, like a telephone, or more. An individual connection for each switch would use an exorbitant number of pins so they are usually arranged as a matrix instead. Only seven pins are needed for a 12-key pad, as shown in Figure 7.3, or eight pins for 16 keys. As usual this economy comes at a price. The matrix must be scanned, which is more complicated than reading individual inputs. Moreover, the reading may become ambiguous if more than one key is depressed.
There are, as usual, many ways of dealing with a keypad. Here is a straightforward approach, although it needs refinement in practice. I do not worry about debouncing at this stage and assume that no more than one switch is closed.