Explain the Adaptive Filters.

Adaptive filters are filters whose behavior changes based on statistical characteristics of the image inside the filter region defined by the m X n rectangular window Sxy.

Adaptive, local noise reduction filter:

The simplest statistical measures of a random variable are its mean and variance. These are reasonable parameters on which to base an adaptive filler because they are quantities closely related to the appearance of an image. The mean gives a measure of average gray level in the region over which the mean is computed, and the variance gives a measure of average contrast in that region.

This filter is to operate on a local region, Sxy. The response of the filter at any point (x, y) on which the region is centered is to be based on four quantities: (a) g(x, y), the value of the noisy image at (x, y); (b) a2, the variance of the noise corrupting /(x, y) to form g(x, y); (c) ray, the local mean of the pixels in Sxy; and (d) σ2L , the local variance of the pixels in Sxy.

The behavior of the filter to be as follows:

  1. If σ2η is zero, the filler should return simply the value of g (x, y). This is the trivial, zero-noise case in which g (x, y) is equal to f (x, y).
  2. If the local variance is high relative to σ2η the filter should return a value close to g (x, y). A high local variance typically is associated with edges, and these should be
  3. If the two variances are equal, we want the filter to return the arithmetic mean value of the pixels in Sxy. This condition occurs when the local area has the same properties as the overall image, and local noise is to be reduced simply by

Adaptive local noise filter is given by,

The only quantity that needs to be known or estimated is the variance of the overall noise, a2. The other parameters are computed from the pixels in Sxy at each location (x, y) on which the filter window is centered.

Adaptive median filter:

 

The median filter performs well as long as the spatial density of the impulse noise is not large (as a rule of thumb, Pa and Pb less than 0.2). The adaptive median filtering can handle impulse noise with probabilities even larger than these. An additional benefit of the adaptive median filter is that it seeks to preserve detail while smoothing nonimpulse noise, something that the "traditional" median filter does not do. The adaptive median filter also works in a rectangular window area Sxy. Unlike those filters, however, the adaptive median filter changes (increases) the size of Sxy during filter operation, depending on certain conditions. The output of the filter is a single value used to replace the value of the pixel at (x, y), the particular point on which the window Sxy is centered at a given time.

Consider the following notation:

zmin = minimum gray level value in Sxy

zmax = maximum gray level value in Sxy

zmcd = median of gray levels in Sxy

zxy = gray level at coordinates (x, y)

Smax = maximum allowed size of Sxy.

The adaptive median filtering algorithm works in two levels, denoted level A and level B, as follows:

Level A:          A1 = zmed - zmin

A2 = zmed - zmax If A1 > 0 AND A2 < 0, Go to level B Else increase the window size

If window size ≤ Smax repeat level A Else output zxy

Level B:          B1 = zxy - zmin

B2 = zxy - zmax

If B1> 0 AND B2 < 0, output zxy Else output zmed

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Raju Singhaniya
Oct 15, 2021
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